Renal Calculi
Calcium oxalate (80%): Envelopes/dumbbell on X-ray. Risk factors: hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, low citrate.
Struvite (triple phosphate): Staghorn. Associated with Proteus infection.
Uric acid: Radiolucent. Associated with gout, acidic urine.
Management: Conservative (<5mm, 80% pass spontaneously), ESWL (5-10mm), PCNL (>10mm or staghorn).
BPH
Enlargement of transitional zone. Symptoms: hesitancy, weak stream, nocturia, incomplete emptying. Treatment: Alpha-blockers (tamsulosin), 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride), TURP.
Bladder Cancer
Most common: Transitional cell carcinoma. Risk: smoking, occupational (aniline dyes). Presents with painless hematuria.
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
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