Urology High-Yield for UPSC CMS: Common Urological Conditions and Their Management

Renal Calculi#

Calcium oxalate (80%): Envelopes/dumbbell on X-ray. Risk factors: hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, low citrate.

Struvite (triple phosphate): Staghorn. Associated with Proteus infection.

Uric acid: Radiolucent. Associated with gout, acidic urine.

Management: Conservative (<5mm, 80% pass spontaneously), ESWL (5-10mm), PCNL (>10mm or staghorn).

BPH#

Enlargement of transitional zone. Symptoms: hesitancy, weak stream, nocturia, incomplete emptying. Treatment: Alpha-blockers (tamsulosin), 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride), TURP.

Bladder Cancer#

Most common: Transitional cell carcinoma. Risk: smoking, occupational (aniline dyes). Presents with painless hematuria.