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Valvular heart disease for UPSC CMS — murmur descriptions, severity grading, echo findings, and surgical thresholds for mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves.
Heart failure for UPSC CMS — NYHA classification, pathophysiology, quadruple therapy, acute management, and the 2022 ESC guideline changes.
Cardiac arrhythmias for UPSC CMS — ECG recognition of AF, VT, VF, heart blocks, WPW, and ACLS algorithms for management.
Systemic hypertension guidelines compared — JNC 8 vs ACC/AHA vs ESC. Drug choices, BP targets, special populations, and the facts UPSC CMS tests every year.
A 10-step ECG interpretation framework for UPSC CMS and NEET PG — rate, rhythm, axis, ST segments, T waves, QT interval and the diagnoses that appear every year.