Mitral Stenosis
Opening snap after A2. Diastolic rumble, apex, left lateral decubitus, presystolic accentuation. Causes: rheumatic (90%). Complications: AF, LA thrombus, pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure.
Mitral Regurgitation
Pan-systolic murmur, apex, radiates to axilla. Causes: MVP, papillary muscle rupture (post-MI), rheumatic, flail leaflet.
Aortic Stenosis
Ejection systolic murmur, right 2nd ICS, radiates to carotids. Crescendo-decrescendo. Soft S2. Causes: calcific (elderly), rheumatic, bicuspid valve. Symptoms: angina, syncope, dyspnea.
Aortic Regurgitation
Early diastolic, high-pitched, decrescendo. Left sternal edge. Causes: aortic root dilation (Marfan), infective endocarditis, rheumatic.
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
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