General Pathology for UPSC CMS: Cell Injury, Inflammation, Immunity and Neoplasia

Cell Injury#

Reversible: Cell swelling, fatty change. Irreversible: Nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), membrane damage, Myelin figures.

Inflammation#

Acute: Neutrophils, edema, fibrin. Chronic: Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts. Granulomatous: Epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, caseous necrosis (TB).

Neoplasia#

Benign: Well-differentiated, encapsulated, slow-growing, no metastasis.
Malignant: Poorly differentiated, invasive, fast-growing, metastasis.

Oncogenes: c-myc, ras, HER2. Tumor suppressor: p53, Rb.