ACLS Algorithm
Cardiac arrest: CPR 30:2 -> Defibrillate if shockable -> CPR 2 min -> Epinephrine 1mg IV -> Amiodarone for VF/VT -> Continue cycle.
Bradycardia: Atropine 0.5mg IV -> Dopamine/epinephrine infusion -> Pacing.
Tachycardia: Unstable = synchronized cardioversion. Stable = amiodarone, sotalol, beta-blockers.
ATLS Primary Survey
A = Airway with C-spine protection
B = Breathing (chest expansion, auscultation)
C = Circulation (hemorrhage control, IV access)
D = Disability (GCS, pupils)
E = Exposure/Environment
Cardiac Emergencies
ACS (MONA), Aortic dissection (tearing pain, BP difference), PE (Wells score), Cardiac tamponade (Beck triad).
Respiratory Emergencies
Asthma exacerbation (O2, SABA, systemic steroids), COPD exacerbation, Tension pneumothorax (needle decompression), Pulmonary edema.
References & further reading
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Revision history
- 19 September 2026 — Initial publication
Frequently asked questions
What is the cardiac arrest algorithm?
Check responsiveness, call for help, check pulse. If no pulse: start CPR (30:2), attach defibrillator. Shockable (VF/pVT): defibrillate then CPR. Non-shockable (asystole/PEA): CPR + epinephrine every 3-5 min. Post-ROSC: optimize perfusion, treat reversible causes (Hs and Ts).
What are the Hs and Ts?
Hs: Hypoxia, Hypovolemia, Hypo/Hyperkalemia, Hypo/Hyperthermia, Hypoglycemia, Hydrogen ion (acidosis). Ts: Toxins, Tamponade, Tension pneumothorax, Thrombosis (PE, coronary), Trauma.
What is ATLS primary survey?
ABCDE: Airway with C-spine protection, Breathing, Circulation, Disability (neurological), Exposure/Environment. Life threats addressed in order of priority.
Related reading
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