S PIKES Protocol
Setting: Private, comfortable, no interruptions.
Perception: Ask what they understand.
Invitation: Ask if they want details.
Knowledge: Share information in small chunks.
Emotions: Acknowledge and respond to feelings.
Strategy: Discuss next steps.
Informed Consent
Elements: Disclosure, Understanding, Voluntariness, Competence, Consent. Written consent for surgery, anesthesia, research. Emergency exception: no consent needed to save life.
Counseling Skills
Active listening, empathy, non-judgmental. Motivational interviewing for behavior change (smoking, diet).
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
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