Abdominal X-Ray Signs
Rigler sign: Both walls of bowel visible = pneumoperitoneum.
Coffee bean sign: Sigmoid volvulus.
Hausser sign: Multiple air-fluid levels = small bowel obstruction.
Hepatic flexure sign: Large bowel obstruction.
Ultrasound Findings
Gallstones: Echogenic with posterior acoustic shadowing.
Cholecystitis: Gallbladder wall thickening (>3mm), pericholecystic fluid, sonographic Murphy sign.
Hydronephrosis: Dilated renal pelvis and calyces.
Free fluid: Morrison's pouch, splenorenal recess.
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
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