Endocrinology for UPSC CMS: Thyroid, Adrenal, Pituitary and Diabetes Deep Dive

Thyroid Disorders#

Hyperthyroidism: Graves (TSI +ve, diffuse goitre, ophthalmopathy), Toxic multinodular, Toxic adenoma. Treatment: Carbimazole, PTU (1st trimester), Radioiodine, Surgery.

Hypothyroidism: Hashimoto (Anti-TPO +ve), Post-radioiodine, Post-surgical. Treatment: Levothyroxine.

Adrenal#

Addison: Hyperpigmentation, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia. Causes: Autoimmune (primary), Pituitary (secondary). Treatment: Hydrocortisone + Fludrocortisone.

Cushing: Centripetal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, hypertension. Causes: ACTH-dependent (pituitary, ectopic), ACTH-independent (adenoma).

Pituitary#

Acromegaly: GH-secreting adenoma. Large hands/feet, coarse features. IGF-1 elevated.