EEG Waves
Alpha (8-13 Hz): Awake, eyes closed, relaxed. Centroparietal.
Beta (14-30 Hz): Active thinking, anxiety. Frontocentral.
Theta (4-7 Hz): Drowsiness, children. Temporal.
Delta (0.5-3 Hz): Deep sleep, coma. Frontal in adults, normal in children.
Sleep Stages
NREM: Stage 1 (drowsy), Stage 2 (sleep spindles), Stage 3/4 (delta sleep = deep). REM: Rapid eye movement, dreaming, brain active, body paralyzed.
UMN vs LMN Signs
| Feature | UMN | LMN |
|---------|-----|-----|
| Tone | Increased | Decreased |
| Reflexes | Increased | Decreased |
| Atrophy | Minimal | Marked |
| Fasciculations | Absent | Present |
| Babinski | Present | Absent |
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
Related reading
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